Population Growth Problem Essays - Demography, Human Overpopulation

Populace Growth Problem The development of the total populace is an issue that numerous individuals see as being tended to sooner or later. While we live in a nation that is receiving the rewards of a superpower, a large portion of the United States is disengaged from the issues of populace development. In this paper, I plan to address three significant issues. To what extent will we have the option to help our planets food needs? How would we be able to manage populace development in the current day? Furthermore, How come certain regions will in general have bigger populace development than different zones? In any case, first in this paper, I will perceive how the hypotheses of sociologists and demographers fit into the Earth's populace issue. Hypotheses MARX 1818-1883 Karl Marx saw a industrialist society as a monetary framework that will undoubtedly fall flat. In Marx's sentiment this famous disappointment was situated in the structure of the framework. As per Marx, In the industrialist economy there are two significant gatherings; the bourgeoisie and the working class. The bourgeoisie are the individuals who own the methods for creation, have the force. The low class are those that work for the bourgeoisie and are at their kindness. At the economy creates, the hole between the bourgeoisie and the low class becomes more extensive and in the long run all the capital is constrained by a little level of the populace and the low class is constrained into neediness. To somebody with practically zero sociological foundation, the above passage has nothing to do with populace as a social issue. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you fit populace into Marx's depiction of the entrepreneur framework, it is more pertinent than at first look. The most ideal approach to make this point understood is to give two speculative circumstances. Family X is a working class family that is progressing admirably monetarily and they will in general have a greater number of youngsters than if they are not making so much cash. Be that as it may, as the bourgeoisie acquires and more control, families like X have their salary driven down and eventually have less youngsters. Families must have enough cash, food, and so on to endure. On the off chance that they don't have these products and they can't control their wages, they should control they should control a perspective of their lives that would permit them to endure, regardless of whether to have kids. Family Z is a very well off family that pretty much hoards a part of their economy. As the economy advances, family Z can drive down the wages of their laborers in this manner expanding their benefit. Since a family like Z is just a little percent of the populace, there is no concern whether or not they have numerous kids. So in our general public, as per Marx, we have nothing to stress over. For whatever length of time that we proceed with our financial pattern, populace will fix itself. Presently on the off chance that you take a gander at Marx's hypothesis all in all, it bodes well. MALTHUS 1766-1834 Malthus was a humanist that was the writer of Population: the primary exposition. This exposition is about the flawlessness of humankind. Malthus depicts the various stages that man has experienced and he gives hypothesis to control populace. Malthus was certain that we can control populace on the off chance that we can exercise moral self control. On the off chance that we can battle against our regular desires to have youngsters, it will hold populace development within proper limits. One of the reasons that we need to control our normal inclinations is that there won't be enough food to help our populace. Maltus feels along these lines since populace develops at a geometric rate, while food must be developed at a number juggling rate. So we are essentially fixing our own destiny by having youngsters. Malthus says that by considering the entirety of the difficulties that our youngsters should confront, we will be roused not to have them. So while Marz's hypothesis pretty much occurs all alone, on the off chance that we are to tune in to Malthus some work is to required by us. Weld is a contemporary Canadian humanist that manages populace issues from a viewpoint that can be all the more effectively comprehended by individuals of our time. In one article Facing the Population Crisis the twenty one most ordinarily utilized contentions to puzzle the issue. In this article, Weld is capable to react to those that don't see populace as a social issue. In spite of the fact that I might want to go into every one of Weld's reactions, this isn't a paper on her, so I will just pick a couple. Her reaction to contention 2

Rescale Test Scores by Using Sten Scores

Rescale Test Scores by Using Sten Scores Ordinarily so as to make simple correlations between people, test scores are rescaled. One such rescaling is to a ten point system. The result is called sten scores. The word sten is shaped by contracting the name standard ten. Subtleties of Sten Scores A sten scoring framework utilizes a ten point scale with a typical dispersion. This normalized scoring framework has a midpoint of 5.5. The sten scoring framework is regularly disseminated and afterward partitioned into ten sections by letting 0.5 standard deviations compare to each purpose of the scale. Our sten scores are limited by the accompanying numbers: - 2, - 1.5, - 1, - 0.5, 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0 Every one of these numbers can be thought of as z-scores in the standard ordinary distribution. The remaining tails of the dissemination compare to the first and tenth sten scores. So not exactly - 2 relates to a score of 1, and more noteworthy than 2 compares to a score of ten. The accompanying rundown relates sten scores, standard ordinary score (or z-score), and the comparing percent of positioning: Sten scores of 1 have z-scores not exactly - 2 and comprise of the primary 2.3% of positioned scores.Sten scores of 2 have z-scores more noteworthy than - 2 and not exactly - 1.5 and comprise of the following 4.4% of positioned scores.Sten scores of 3 have z-scores more prominent than - 1.5 and not exactly - 1 and comprise of the following 9.2% of positioned scores.Sten scores of 4 have z-scores more prominent than - 1 and not exactly - 0.5 and comprise of the following 15% of positioned scores.Sten scores of 5 have z-scores more prominent than - 0.5 and under 0 and comprise of the center 19.2% of positioned scores.Sten scores of 6 have z-scores more prominent than 0 and under 0.5 and comprise of the following 19.2% of positioned scores.Sten scores of 7 have z-scores more prominent than 0.5 and under 1 and comprise of the following 15% of positioned scores.Sten scores of 8 have z-scores more prominent than 1 and under 1.5 and comprise of the following 9.2% of positioned scores.Sten s cores of 9 have z-scores more noteworthy than 1.5 and under 2 and comprise of the following 4.4% of positioned scores.Sten scores of 10 have z-scores more noteworthy than 2 and comprise of the last 2.3% of positioned scores. Employments of Sten Scores The sten scoring framework is utilized in some psychometric settings. The utilization of just ten scores limits little contrasts between different crude scores. For model, everybody with a crude score in the main 2.3% of all scores would be changed over into a sten score of 1. This would make the distinctions among these people indistinct on the sten score scale. Speculation of Sten Scores There is no explanation that we should consistently utilize a ten point scale. There might be circumstances in which we would need to have useâ of more or less divisions in our scale. For model, we could: utilize a five-point scale, and allude to stafive scores.use a six-point scale, and allude to stasix scores.use a nine-point scale, and allude to stanine scores. Since nine and five are odd, there is a midpoint score in every one of these frameworks, not at all like the sten scoring framework.

Global Financial EthicsProject B Response To A Movie Coursework

Global Financial EthicsProject B Response To A Movie Coursework Global Financial EthicsProject B: Response To A Movie â€" Coursework Example > @ 2011Global Financial Ethics Project B: Response to a movieIntroductionMoney Never Sleeps sets sights on the orchestrators of today’s global financial crisis through a strong melodrama, recounting shameful government bailouts for unclean business plans. Jake’s love for Winnie, his unwillingness to commit outright felonies, and his idealistic backing of a fusion-power company for a greener world make him a better hero than the easily corruptible and shallow Fox character (Muller 2010). Proper governance in the corporate world is unavoidable for its growth. Each and every shareholder group need to put into practice of good corporate governance in business corporations. Anything other than this can lead to the breakdown of corporate organizations. Therefore, every undertaking of these corporate organizations must carry out activities that are only legal. They help to maximize the value of the shareholders in the cleanest manner possible. The movie sets sight on the orchestrators of today’s global financial crisis through a strong melodrama, unfolding disgraceful government bailouts for unclean business tactics. There are a variety of concepts of corporate governance. Some of the main concepts of corporate governance include; the agency theory, the stewardship theory and the stakeholder theory (Daniel 2011). There is a scene where Jake is shown sitting at his working desk, watching Keller Zabel Investments stock crashing more than 30% in one day. The managing director, Louis Zabel holds a meeting with the chiefs of key financial institutions and the Secretary of the US Treasury at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. He attempts to organize a bank bailout for Keller Zabel Investments, but his efforts are blocked by Breton James, the Chief Executive Officer of an imaginary firm called Churchill Schwartz, that Zabel had refused to bail out eight years earlier. The major approach under the agency concept is the explanation and facilitation of market metho ds that can moderate the agency hitch. It aspires to find a well-organized market for corporate control, management labor and corporate information. In this connection, the management takes the costs of its own bad behavior. This will as a result generate motivation for self-control (Solom 2004). The theory criticizes Zabels behavior. For one, we can see that he has become very disappointed with the corporate business. He is so disappointed to a point that he does not comprehend how he can be told a loss is a profit. Considering that he is the managing director of Keller Zabel Investments, he ought to maintain his calm in the particular rough patch that his company is undergoing. Agency theory shows that corporate organizations should be managed in the interest of the stakeholders. There is definitely no way that the company shareholders would have stomached the fact that their managing director, who they have assigned the task of controlling the company’s undertakings on their b ehalf, was giving up so easily (Daniel 2011). The agency theory perceives the head of a company being an agent of the stakeholders. Therefore, any action or decision that he or she takes should be guided by the shareholders’ wishes. It is possible for corporate companies to maximize the wealth of the stakeholder in an agency theory and the same time fulfills a wide range of shareholder desires. Zabel should have come up with a way with a way like this. This can be attained by adjusting the agency theory and slotting in stakeholder-oriented approach which aids to accommodate the broad variety of shareholders’ wishes and welfare. The theory encourages the separation of decision-making and risk bearing to control the problems of the agency. The following morning, Zabel wakes up, goes down to the subway, and, as a train pulls in, he jumps on the tracks, killing himself (Daniel 2011).

GED Study Guide for Chemistry

The GED, or General Education Development Test, is taken in the U.S. or Canada to demonstrate proficiency in high school-level academic skills. The exam most commonly is taken by people who did not complete high school or receive a high school diploma. Passing the GED grants a General Equivalency Diploma (also called a GED). One section of the GED covers science, including chemistry. The test is multiple choice, drawing on concepts from the following areas: The Structure of MatterThe Chemistry of LifeProperties of MatterChemical Reactions The Structure of Matter All substances consist of  matter.  Matter  is anything which has mass and takes up space. Some important concepts to remember about  matter  are: Matter  is made up of one or more of over 92 naturally-occurring  elements.Each  element  is a pure substance, made up of only one type of  atom.An  atom  consists of three types of particles:  protons,  neutrons, and  electrons. An atom does not need to have all three particles, but will always contain at least protons.Electrons  are  negatively charged  particles,  protons  have a positive charge, and  neutrons  do not have an electrical charge.An atom has an inner core called a  nucleus, which is where the protons and neutrons are located. The electrons orbit around the outside of the nucleus.Two main forces hold atoms together. The  electric force  holds the electrons in orbit around the nucleus. Opposite charges attract, so the electrons are drawn to the protons in the nucleus. The  nuclear force  holds the protons and neutrons together within the nucleus. The Periodic Table The  periodic table  is a chart which organizes the chemical elements. The elements are categorized according to the following attributes: Atomic Number  - number of protons in the nucleusAtomic Mass  - sum of the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleusGroup  - columns or multiple columns in the periodic table. Elements in a group share similar chemical and physical properties.Period  - rows from left to right in the period table. Elements in a period have the same number of energy shells. Matter can exist in the form of a pure element, but combinations of elements are more common. Molecule  - a molecule is a combination of two or more atoms (could be  from  the same or different elements, such as H2  or H2O)Compound  - a compound is a combination of two or more  chemically-bonded  elements. Generally, compounds are considered to be a subclass of molecules (some people will argue they are determined by the types of chemical bonds). A  chemical formula  is a shorthand way of showing the elements contained in a molecule/compound and their ratio. For example, H2O, the chemical formula for water, shows that two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen to form a molecule of water. Chemical bonds hold atoms together. Ionic Bond  - formed when  an electron transfers  from one atom to anotherCovalent Bond  - formed when two atoms share one or more electrons The Chemistry of Life Life on earth depends on the chemical element  carbon, which is present in every living thing. Carbon is so important, it forms the basis for two branches of chemistry, organic  chemistry  and biochemistry. The GED will expect you to be familiar with the following terms: Hydrocarbons  - molecules that only contain the elements carbon and hydrogen (e.g., CH4  is a hydrocarbon while CO2  is not)Organic  - refers to the chemistry of living things, all of which contain the element carbonOrganic Chemistry  - study of the chemistry of carbon compounds involved in life (so, studying diamond, which is a crystalline form of carbon, isnt included in organic chemistry, but studying how methane is produced is covered by organic chemistry)Organic Molecules  - molecules that have carbon atoms linked together in a straight line (carbon chain) or in a circular ring (carbon ring)Polymer  - hydrocarbons which have chained together Properties of Matter Phases of Matter Each phase of matter has its own chemical and physical properties. The phases of matter you need to know are: Solid  - a solid has a definite shape and volumeLiquid  - a liquid has a definite  volume  but can change shapeGas  - the shape and volume of a gas can change Phase Changes These phases of matter can change from one to another. Remember the definitions of the following phase changes: Melting  - melting occurs when a substance changes from a solid to a liquidBoiling  - boiling is when a substance changes from a liquid to a gasCondensing  - condensation is when  a gas changes  to a liquidFreezing  - freezing is when  a liquid changes  to a solid Physical Chemical Changes The changes that take place in substances may be categorized  in  two classes: Physical Change  - does not produce a new substance (e.g., phase changes, crushing a can)Chemical Change  - produces a new substance (e.g., burning, rusting, photosynthesis) Solutions A solution results from combining two or more substances. Making a solution can produce either a physical or chemical change. You can tell them apart this way: The original substances can be separated from one another if the solution produces only a physical change.The original substances cannot be separated from one another if a chemical change took place. Chemical Reactions A  chemical reaction  is  the process  that occurs when two or more substances combine to produce a chemical change. The important terms to remember are: chemical equation  -  name  was given  to the shorthand used to describe the steps of a chemical reactionreactants  - the starting materials for a chemical reaction; the substances that combine in the reactionproducts  - the substances that are formed as a result of a chemical reactionchemical reaction rate  - the speed at which a chemical reaction occursactivation energy  - the external energy that has to be added in order for a chemical reaction to  occurcatalyst  - a substance that helps a chemical reaction to occur (lowers the activation energy), but does not participate in the reaction itselfLaw of Conservation of Mass  - this Law states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The number of reactant atoms of a chemical reaction will be the same as the number of product atoms.

Essay about Golda Meir - 672 Words

Golda Meir nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The state of Israel, established on May 14, 1948, had many great leaders that helped it to become a state. One of them was Golda Meir. Golda Meir was one of the most energetic and hardworking women in the world. Without her help, it is possible that Israel would have never survived as a state in an area surrounded by Arabs. With all of the hard work that Golda did for her country, she still had time for a family. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When Golda Meir (born Golda Mabovich) was in my opinion one of the most energetic and hardworking women in the world. If she set out to do something, whether it was to wash her families clothes or to create a Jewish state in the land of Israel, the job was†¦show more content†¦The government also refused to help Israel out by selling them weapons. Once again, the college students tried to do their best by sending parts to Israel. In one particular case, Students at the Columbia University sent a Cadillac overseas, in which the heavy steel body was loaded full of parts and gunpowder. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Golda Meir worked for many hours and even with all the effort she put forth into her country, she still had time for a family. On December 24, 1917, she married Morris Myerson of Milwaukee. After living all around the world, Golda and her husband Morris decided to settle down in Jerusalem to have a family. The couple had 2 children, Menachem who was born in 1924, and Sarah who was born in 1926. Golda Myerson was now a young mother and she had to spend the next few years raising her children. While her children were growing up, she still kept her ties to the Zionist Movement. She wrote letters to the leaders of most of the countries in the world in which she tried to convince them that the Jewish people needed a country of their own. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the beginning of this book, there was an introduction written by Arthur M. Schlesinger, jr.. He was a Professor of History at Harvard University for many years. He served in the White House as a special assistant to Presidents Kennedy and Johnson. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the book Golda Meir, all of the possible subjects that IShow MoreRelatedGolda Meir Essay examples1238 Words   |  5 PagesThrough showing intellectually competency, religious attitudes, and commitment to justice, Golda Meir is a profound example of an Ignatian leader. Over the course of her lifetime, Meir was able to promote her intelligence, her beliefs, and her just ideals in order to create a better society for those around her. 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Internationally, women have achieved the highest office in several countries, such as: Indira Gandhi of India, Golda Meir o f Israel, and Margaret Thatcher of Great Britain. Hilary Clinton is currently running for a senate seat in New York and if she is successful, could one day follow in her husbands footsteps and become the first female President of the United StatesRead MoreEssay about Womens Rights Movement833 Words   |  4 Pageswomen. Textbooks have changed wording that implies a male form to represent everyone. For example, â€Å"firemen† has been changed to â€Å"firefighter.† Several women have held the highest political roles in their country, including Margret Thatcher and Golda Meir. The number of women in medicine and law has also risen dramatically. The change in women’s roles has also affected their husbands. Dads are taking a more active role in their children’s lives. Ratification of the 19th Amendment paved the way for

The Importance of Doing and Turning Your Work in on Time Free Essays

Browne 1 Patrick Browne 9-29-12 Mr. Slade Boondocks Driven Satire Sunday nights on Cartoon Network has become fertile ground for some of the most side-spitting, razor-sharp humor on this side of a cable box. The show concepts that constitute the â€Å"Adult Swim† block of programming on CN has drawn its fair share of rave reviews and harsh criticism from anybody willing to offer an opinion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Doing and Turning Your Work in on Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now For Afro-American viewers, no show represents that aforementioned razor’s edge quite like Aaron McGruder’s comic strip creation, â€Å"The Boondocks†. The first season of the weekly series found every way possible to poke humor at many of the events, individuals, and situations we see around ourselves on a daily basis. In some cases, the biting satire that’s become this shows trademark may have opened up some ‘wounds’ that some folk in and among Black America would prefer to have left stitched up. From the would-be Revolutionary Huey, to the saggy pants wearing, â€Å"thugged† out Riley, to the blatantly Uncle Tom-like Uncle Ruckus, the characters and situations are cleverly designed to force us to look at ourselves through a very revealing lens. No person, topic, or issue has been too ‘taboo’ to examine within the show, which has drawn the ire of some of the more ‘prominent’ faces within the African-American community. Al Sharpton, Jesse Jackson, Oprah Winfrey, and Bill Cosby have been among the more outspoken detractors of the show, harping Browne 2 on the use of the dreaded â€Å"N† word among other things. The second season of the show may prove to be just as funny and potentially inflammatory as the previous one. The scrutiny has been pretty intense, drawing criticism from multiple sources in the black community, as well as some pretty severe rebukes from the aforementioned likes of Sharpton and Jackson. In fact, the pointed criticism that has come from these sources saying are we not supposed to talk about such things? Are we supposed to ignore some of the more embarrassing fads and unhealthy stereotypes that have come with this generation among black folk? I mean, we can talk about the war, how the government is ‘shafting’ the black man and woman out of our ightful piece of the American Dream. We can talk about all these things, but there’s a big stink about one person taking an assessment of our own house through his own prism. Maybe the real reason some folks are getting so uptight about what they see is because some of the material hits really close to home. As much as I respect the Cosby’s and the Jackson’s of the world, there method isn’t the on ly means to get the message across. Sometimes the finesse and subtle nature of satire and humor can deliver the same powerful, heartfelt message. Sometimes, we as black folk need to be shocked and ‘awed’ into seeing a particular reality. That’s what this show is; A strong smack in the mouth†¦ A wake-up call†¦ Humor is a pretty revealing thing; If we can take the time out to laugh at some of our own shortcomings, we can take the same type of time out to correct those issues and set about the task of strengthening our communities. Will we hear the occasional curse word, sure†¦ We might even hear the foul Browne 3 and dreaded â€Å"N† word a few more times before the show leaves syndication. So what is more important? Listening and acting on the message delivered to correct said problems, or whining about a character that portrays something that practically all of us have seen at some point during our lifetime? I don’t know about the next viewer, but this show represents solid with most Afro-Americans, which is why I’ll be tuned in for season four†¦I may indeed get a good laugh out of the over-the-top ‘pimp’ behavior of â€Å"A Pimp Named Slick Back†, or the numerous references to some of the out-of-control aspects of hip-hop culture. Through that laughter I and others tend to see a bit more of the reality that some of Black America seems too apathetic or too afraid, to confront the satire that this particular show represents. I can’t think of a better way to start that process than speaking on this issue through our own prism. Since 2005, Aaron McGruder has brought the previously unexposed taboos of Black American culture in its most raw and comedic form to the forefront of this country’s conscience through our TV screens. The tales of Huey, Riley, and Granddad Freeman’s migration from the Southside of Chicago to the lily white suburb of Woodcrest has endured its share of controversy. From public condemnation by Rev. Al Sharpton to threats of legal action by BET, The Boondocks, one of the most watched shows to be broadcast on Adult Swim, goes straight for the jugular of many of the most famous and infamous figures of our generation. As the main character on the show, Huey’s neo-Black nationalist views have been the centerpiece of some of The Boondocks’ most memorable moments. From blasting MLK for Browne 4 repeatedly saying ‘nigga’ on the â€Å"Return of the King† episode to calling Ronald Reagan a devil, Huey and his militant antics made way for more serious issues to be addressed. The way he schooled Granddad about the origins of Christmas and dropped knowledge about the negative and nostalgic images shown on cable giant Black Entertainment Television were classic and unprecedented. His less informed and gangster inclined little brother Riley barked ‘Ain’t nothin’ wrong with BET’, while he punctuated every sentence with an unapologetic ‘nigga’. Other episodes like â€Å"The Hunger Strike† and â€Å"The Uncle Ruckus Reality Show† ridiculed BET to the point where they pressured Sony to ban the shows. One of the funniest and ironically most criticized characters is Uncle Ruckus, a self-hating older black man and brother of Granddad Freeman creates a climate for one of the shows more controversial episodes, â€Å"Jimmy Rebel†. In this particular instance, Ruckus wrote music for a racist country singer, made mention to every known racial epithet to Black people, and called our president, ‘that baboon ‘Bama’. Other creative minds were not spared by McGruder’s satire, like Tyler Perry who was extremely roasted on the â€Å"Pause† episode, where they focused on Perry’s overzealous religious POV and used his cross-dressing and homosexual innuendos as fuel for the fire. It was a point in the episode where Granddad, whose voice is that of actor John Witherspoon, was forced by Perry’s character to say, ‘I renounce Ice Cube and all his works†¦even Friday! ’ Actor Kadeem Hardison was even clowned when his lack of persistent work in the film industry was mentioned as he auditioned for one of Perry’s plays turned films. Whitney and Bobby, Lil’ Browne 5 Wayne, and even fictional musical artists like Thugnificent are used to manifest negative, yet accurate portrayals of Black performers. There’s always talk about white television shows that ought to have black faces, but many of these same critics tend to overlook the reality that programming in general could stand to diversify, too. Diversity comes in many shades – most of which go beyond color. To that end, while it’s lovely to see so many shows strive to show the more â€Å"positive† aspects of black life, more often than not it appears to come at the expense of offering our perspective as it relates to race, class, and pop culture on the airwaves. There are plenty who confirm the satire found in the social and political commentary on the show, and other instances of the kind of acute humor found in shows like The Boondocks and Chappelle’s Show. That kind of humor, for the most part, can only be found in shows largely scripted and conceived by whites like The Daily Show, or even Family Guy and The Cleveland Show. Those shows are great, but still come from a separate point of view. The Boondocks has been known to be brought up in conversations as a point of reference to show how much driven satire entertainment that is enjoyed by Black people is a step backwards toward the days of the minstrel shows, but you have to be able to keep laughing, even if it’s at your own shortcomings. Browne 6 Works Cited Allah, Shabe. â€Å"The Boondocks†. The Best of Boondocks. Source Magazine 24 June 2010. Seward III, Herbert. â€Å"The Boondocks†. The Boondocks: Offensive show or stinging reality. Yahoo article 16 November 2007. Arceneaux, Michael. â€Å"The Boondocks†. Black Satire. Thegrio 18 May 2012 How to cite The Importance of Doing and Turning Your Work in on Time, Essay examples

Relationship between Population and Economic Growth

Introduction Economic growth is dependent on a wide array of factors that range from technology to capital. Of particular interest is the rate of population growth vis-à  -vis economic growth and development. Various economic models have attempted to establish the relationship between different demographic dynamics and economic growth (Barro 1991, p. 87).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between Population and Economic Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While some economists postulate that economic development slows down in periods of high population growth rates, others argue that high population growth boosts economic growth. This paper discusses such factors as age structure, level of economic development, population density and rates of poverty in addition to their impacts on economy. Besides, the paper utilizes various theoretical frameworks that establish the correlation of population dyna mics and economic growth. Relationship between Population and Economic Growth The relationship between population and economic growth has many perspectives. Various economists have developed models to explain the correlation between population and economic growth (Gonzalo 1994, p. 67). Malthus was among classical economists who attempted to explain the relationship. He claimed that increase in population could surpass the level of production in an economy leading to poverty (Jones 2002, p. 45). The rationale is that population grows in geometrical way while productivity improves in an arithmetic rate. This does not only lead to poverty but also inefficiencies and diminished productivity. To that end, it is important to highlight that the relationship between population and economic growth has elicited heated debate (Weil 2009, p. 71). Some schools of thoughts believe that there is a positive correlation between population and economic growth. Opponents argue that population growth c omplements the economy in the sense that there is a high number of skilled and talented laborers in an economy (Jayati 2013, p. 81). This in turn leads to increased productivity and production of goods and services across entire economic spectrum. Other theorists have attempted to distinguish economic growth and population dynamics. Neo-classical theorists such as Solow differentiate various aspects of societies in order to establish accurate correlations and relationships (Thirlwall 1994, p. 132). In particular, Solow claims that high population growth in a steady state is likely to reduce disposable income and income per capital. Nonetheless, population growth does not affect the rate of economic growth in steady states (Jayati 2013, p. 76). Consequently, Solow argues that the rate of population growth will be equal to the rate of economic growth in steady states. While neo-classical theorists classify states and nations in order to understand interplay between demographic dynamic s and economy, other models use age structure of a nation to predict the effects of population growth/decrease in an economy.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Jones (2002, p. 67), industrialized nations have distinct age structures when compared to developing economies and nations. While majority of the population has reached adulthood in industrialized countries, children and young people constitute highest majority of developing countries’ population. On the one hand, age structure in industrialized nations is major cause for skewed relationship between population growth and economy (Aliber 2001, p. 36). For instance, United Nations Report on global population growth indicates that aging will be a major driver of economic slowdown in many industrialized nations in the world by 2050 (Eastwood Lipton 2001, p. 33). The reason is that high number of working population will age out leading to a deceleration in productivity. It is important to point out that young population will not be in a position to meet the needs of the aging population. This will not only lead to high rate of dependency but also high cost of caring for the aged populace (Weil 2009, p. 87). The government will also increase its funding towards social welfare programs to take care of its aging population. In a country where government is attempting to cut down its expenditure, aging population will lead to slower economic growth because of high rate of dependency. To that end, population growth in such countries as Britain and United States is likely to accelerate economic growth and prosperity. On the other hand, age structures in developing countries impede economic progress in third world. The rationale is that population growth will exert pressure on already scarce economic resources. As elucidated by Kohler Kohler (2002, p. 56), high rates of population growth as witnessed in many African countries will lead to unsustainable economic development and growth. This is because many African economies are dependent on cultivation and agriculture (Jones 2002, p. 62). An increase in population will imply that expansive agricultural activities and extraction of resources will increase at the expense of environment. It may also lead to deforestation and increased degradation of natural resources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between Population and Economic Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To that end, environmental degradation leads to agricultural stagnation that in turn affects the economy in a negative way (McCulloch Baulch 2000, p. 102). Malthus asserts that social expenditure by government on young age structure at the expense of capital investment will also stall the economy (Weil 2009, p. 102). While many economists argue that high population gro wth rates in developing countries have a counterproductive effect on the economy, it is apparent that increase in population is important for developing countries. According to Murthi Drà ¨ze (2001, p. 45), a rise in population growth in developing countries implies that the economy will benefit from diverse workforce and vibrant labor market. In countries that have adopted labor-intensive model of production, population growth boosts productivity. In such countries as China and India, the high rate of population growth has complemented economic growth rate (Drà ¨ze Sen 1995, p. 38). In addition, it is essential to mention that a high rate of population growth offsets the risk of increased dependency emanating from the aging population (Kremer Chen 2002, p. 34-89). As such, population growth plays a significant in enhancing steady development and economic growth in third world. Kremer Chen (2002, p. 56) articulate that population growth has a direct relationship with poverty r ates in a country. Undoubtedly, level of poverty is a major indicator of economic growth and development in a country. Bourguignon (2001, p. 112) says that countries with high population growth rates have high rates of fertility. However, fertility rates are dependent on incomes, literacy and inequalities that typify an economy. For instance, countries that experience high rates of income inequalities exhibit fertility discrepancies between poor uneducated people and rich and literate people (O’Sullivan 2003, p. 57). The rationale is that affluent members of society tend to bear few children, which increases their likelihood of becoming literate and wealthy. Conversely, poor and probably uneducated members of the society have high fertility rates implying that they have many children who join vicious cycle of poverty (Lee 2003, p. 75). To this end, high population growth rate in countries that have alarming levels of income inequalities tends to increase levels of poverty in the population. Governments therefore increase their social expenditure on poverty eradication and health at the expense of capital investments. This implies that population growth in income unequal countries is not only detrimental for the economy but it also threatens social stability.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Population density is another parameter that theorists use to establish correlation between population growth and economic growth. It refers to the number of people living within one square kilometer. Malthus asserts that countries with low population density experience many challenges (Kelley Schmidt 1995, p. 67). At the outset, innovation and technology tend to spread slowly owing low contact between social institutions, individuals and economic institutions (Meier 1995, p. 34). Due to little contact that is apparent in sparsely populated societies, negative ethnicity increases and persists for a long period. Besides, governments of such societies face constraints in provision of public goods such as infrastructure and electricity due to minimal and expensive interaction with the rest of the world (Solow 1956, p. 67). On the other hand, high population density allows fast and efficient flow of innovation, creativity and technology leading to increase in uptake of modern ways of p roduction (Kelley Schmidt 2005, p. 56). This does not only boost economic growth but also enhances capital investments. It is important to highlight that high population density may also lead to environmental degradation and other effects of overutilization of resources. Conclusion In summary, population growth has a direct relationship with economic growth. Various economists classify different nations according to levels of economic development (developed or developing), population density, age -structure and income inequalities in order to establish the apparent correlation. Population growth leads to economic growth in industrialized nations that have high population density. However, economic growth stalls in poor and unequal countries due to high rates of poverty and sparse population. 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Meier, G 1995, Leading Issues in Economic Development, Oxford University Press: New Y ork. Murthi, M Drà ¨ze, J 2001, ‘Fertility, Education, and Development: Evidence from India’, Population and Development Review, vol. 27 no. 3, pp. 33-63. O’Sullivan, A 2003, Economics: Principles in Action, Pearson Prentice Hall: New Jersey. Solow, M 1956, ‘A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 70 no. 2, pp. 45-134. Thirlwall, P 1994, Growth and Development, Basingstoke: Macmillan Press: Basingstoke. Weil, D 2009, Economic Growth, Pearson-Addison Wesley: New Jersey. This essay on Relationship between Population and Economic Growth was written and submitted by user Man-Thing to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.